It is widely accepted that behavior control is crucial when it comes to giving children dental treatment. In fact, if a child's behavior in the dental office is not managed, it is difficult, if not impossible, to provide any necessary dental care. In the field of Pediatric dentistry, children are typically treated using a variety of psychological behavior management techniques. However, when all psychological behavior management strategies are ineffective at calming the child, physiological strategies such as physical restraint and hand-over-mouth exercises are used to stop the child's inappropriate behavior and provide dental treatment with the parents' permission.
Policy on medically-necessary care. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, III: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2024:43-7.
Marwah, N. Textbook of Pediatric Dentistry. 4th ed. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2018.
Newton JT, Shah S, Patel H, Sturmey P. Non-pharmacological approaches to behaviour management in children. Dent Update. 2003;30(4): 194-199. doi: 10.12968/denu.2003.30.4.194.
Hussein TO, Akşit-Bıçak D. Management of Post-Traumatic Dental Care Anxiety in Pediatric Dental Practice-A Clinical Study. Children (Basel). 2022;9(8):1146. doi: 10.3390/children9081146
Craig W. Hand over mouth technique. ASDC J Dent Child. 1971;38 (6):387-389.
Rombom HM. Behavioral techniques in pedodontics: the hand-over-mouth technique. ASDC J Dent Child. 1981; 48(3):208-210.
Barton DH, Hatcher E, Potter R, Henderson HZ. Dental attitudes and memories: a study of the effects of hand over mouth/restraint. Pediatr Dent. 1993;15(1):13-19.
Acs G, Burke MJ, Musson CM. An updated survey on the utilization of hand over mouth (HOM) and restraint in postdoctoral pediatric dental education. Pediatr Dent. 1990;12(5): 298-302.
Carr KR, Wilson S, Nimer S, Thornton JB Jr. Behavior management techniques among pediatric dentists practicing in the southeastern United States. Pediatr Dent. 1999;21(6):347-353.
Adair SM, Waller JL, Schafer TE, Rockman RA. A survey of members of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry on their use of behavior management techniques. Pediatr Dent. 2004;26(2):159-166.
Oueis HS, Ralstrom E, Miriyala V, Molinari GE, Casamassimo P. Alternatives for hand over mouth exercise after its elimination from the clinical guidelines of the american academy of pediatric dentistry. Pediatr Dent. 2010;32(3):223-228.
Desai SP, Shah PP, Jajoo SS, Smita PS. Assessment of parental attitude toward different behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2019;37(4):350-359. doi: 10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_138_18.
Segarra-Ortells C, Leyda-Menéndez AM, Ribelles-Llop M, Gavara-Navarro MJ, Marqués-Martínez L. Basic behavior guidance techniques: A survey of members of the Spanish Society of Paediatric Dentistry. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2021;39(2):132-137. doi: 10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_355_20
Frankel RI. The Papoose Board and mothers' attitudes following its use. Pediatr Dent. 1991;13(5):284-288.
Behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric. Dentistry; 2024:358-78.
Connick C, Palat M, Pugliese S. The appropriate use of physical restraint: considerations. ASDC J Dent Child. 2000;67(4):256-231.
Townsend JA. Protective stabilization in the dental setting: A Clinical Guide. In Dental Care for Children with Special Needs. 2019;247-267. 10.1007/978-3-030-10483-2_11.
Mohr WK, Petti TA, Mohr BD. Adverse effects associated with physical restraint. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48(5):330-337. doi: 10.1177/070674370304800509
Boka V, Arapostathis K, Vretos N, Kotsanos N. Parental acceptance of behaviour-management techniques used in paediatric dentistry and its relation to parental dental anxiety and experience. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2014;15(5):333-339. doi: 10.1007/s40368-014-0119-y
Guinot F, Virolés M, Lluch C, Costa AL, Veloso A. Spanish and Portuguese Parental Acceptance of Behavior Management Techniques in Pediatric Dentistry. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2021;45 (4):247-252. doi: 10.17796/1053-4625-45.4.5
Ramadevi RP, Kandaswamy SK, Hemamalini R, et al. To Restrain or Refrain: Determination of Parental Attitude towards the Child's Experience with Protective Stabilization. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2024;16(Suppl 2): S1512-S1514. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1183_23